ÿWPCT  Xó€vÍ—wN¯4BÕwê±m³Ñ¢|ðf×wì5ñJ mÁ­6û#—-ŽÍ[˜«ý½ò}z%¯ä(­ê]çg;YJé4¹ FÇø&ÆYaÈu¸üe˜Þ‚½'ƒñ¼cfZÛL ø)—-+“ߥ&¯Åó…kïT^•À6,WéÚ‰UÉ H/~ÜdÅpÚ/gK1ƒ§š@ƒŠiÏâ'E¦påvsc'WúŇã)N§>J{¢9ãQb›ªÿ¸Ú*øèÊ^ÊïCŠÎÁ®:‹3ŒU¼{"ÂT¨¹°²ïßDæ&ðÌg™mþDj/¨¦ ˜ÝŒÃl¬‚ •w™äùçq™ÖÅ’~ŽZ´x±åo"E>]*×½A±^¬Õ¶B…nýc7%3òy“»·ùÞŒÊ}^—é?”È&±´ =‹›_ülÝY fó.&zO½ Uˆ¨,ü82PvÓîcü•‰ƒÛÅÂõȹ¡]XßùùGm%ï­’ÿó ê þ»:³k³#›G®Ÿ}„Jµ/wŒc<ÖxÕL ŸÂ(£©ŽÚkí6`%ñ}µópGä fаG›§‹ÝÙ? 0Y^»–Èp„ňĕÝ_×I´Ž`™Õ²Yª"! 0(Î 0Cö 0C9 03| B¯ B*Ì Bö B B0 BMU2j %œÆ¢ D+h AI“ÆÜ D+¢ AIÍÆ D+Ü AI #!P UBq N³ ^ µ w@Á 4  $ m& N= ? (ÿÿ$¡¡(ÿÿ$òòÚ  ÚÚ  Úóó(ÿÿ$òòÚ  ÚÚ  Úóó( ÿÿ$Ó  Ó d&ÿÿ0 d dþÿ dýÿ düÿP Pdûÿ   d< Œ p`+‹CourierTT X Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 5'ÈÈÈÈdxd Aþÿ°°Cÿÿ Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 5'ÈÈÈÈdxdA°°Cÿÿ Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 5'ÈÈÈÈdxdAüÿ°°Cÿÿ˜Director's Suite HP Laserjet 5N (JULIETTE)È,,,,È0< Œ p`‹*Times New RomanTTúu)c [\E]^D_E`abEcLdDèq)¤(Éybackup3|xdÿU‹ÿÀÀÀ Ñ  ÑÔ_ÔÑ€ P¸ÑÝ ƒÿÿÿÝÝ  ÝÑTRXà3Ø'Xà3Ø' Letter3Ø' Letterÿ3Ø'TÑÓŠv&xÐ(€Ø 0 ˆà8è@˜ðH! #ø%P(¨*-X/°14`6¸8;h=À?BpDÈF IxKÐM(P€RØT0W°œXŠÓÔ€X³0XX XÔñbññañ€ñaññbñÔ_ÔPatrick€ñ[ñÔ_ÔBatesonÔ_Ô.€€1986,€When€to€experiment€on€animals.€€ñ[ñNew€Scientist,€20€February€1986,€pñ_ñañ_ññ\ñgeñ\ññ]ñpñ]ññ`ñ.ñ`ññ^ñsñ^ññcññcññdñÐ ° Ðñdñ30„Ð ° Ð32.ÌÌà@ƒ ƒ ìàÔ‡ Âj!XX³0ÔWhen€to€experiment€on€animalsÔ#†X³0X! Âjs#ԈРžî ÐÌÔ€¼V7»XX³0ÔÓ  ÓConflicts€of€interest€between€experimenters€and€their€critics€might€be€resolved€byÐ Å  Ðweighing€up€the€degree€of€suffering€against€the€value€of€the€researchÌÓÓÌÓ  ÓPatrick€Ô_ÔBatesonÔ_ÔÌÌÓ  ÓÔ€X³0X»¼V7ÔA€new€law€controlling€the€use€of€animals€in€scientific€experiments€is€likely€to€come€into€force€in€BritainÐ )y  Ðthis€year.€€A€government€bill€called€òòAnimals€(Ô_ÔScientiflcÔ_Ô€Proceduresóó)€is€now€passing€throughÐ #s  Ðparliament.€€New€legislation€is€long€overdue.€€Biology€has€undergone€a€revolution€since€1876€whenÏBritain€last€enacted€a€major€piece€of€legislation.€€Scientific€knowledge€of€what€is€and€what€is€not€likelyÏto€cause€suffering€in€animals€is€now€substantial.€€Furthermore,€public€concern€about€animal€welfare€hasÏincreased€greatly.€€Scientists€who€simply€want€to€be€left€alone€to€get€on€with€their€work€cannot€andÏshould€not€ignore€concern€about€the€ways€animals€are€treated€in€laboratories.€€Nor€should€they€brushÏaside€the€animal€suffering€that€can€undoubtedly€arise€in€research.€€Yet€as€debate€intensifies€a€majorÏworry€is€that€all€reason€will€fly€out€of€the€window.€€The€positions€on€the€use€of€animals€in€scientific€workÏare€likely€to€become€so€Ô_ÔpolarisedÔ_Ô€that€useful€dialogue€between€experi‚menters€and€their€critics€will€beÏexceedingly€difficult.ÌÌExtreme€anti„vivisectionists€are€obviously€determined€to€inflict€a€major€defeat€on€the€scientificÏcommunity.€€One€of€their€main€targets€is€my€own€subject,€the€study€of€animal€Ô_ÔbehaviourÔ_Ô.€€In€a€pamphletÏpublished€last€summer€and€given€considerable€publicity€in€the€media,€a€coalition€of€Ô_Ôanti‚vivisectionÔ_Ô€groupsÏdemanded€a€ban€on€psychological€and€Ô_ÔbehaviouralÔ_Ô€experiments€(Robert€Ô_ÔShapreÔ_Ô,€1985,€òòPsycho‚logicalÐ Ï Ðand€Ô_ÔBehaviouralÔ_Ô€Research,€óópublished€by€"Ô_ÔMobilisationÔ_Ô€for€Laboratory€Animals€Against€theÐ É ÐGovernments€Proposalsðð).€€My€guess€is€that€the€anti„vivisectionists€have€picked€on€psychology€andÏethology,€the€biological€study€of€behavior,€because€these€subjects€lack€the€powerful€backing€from€theÏmedical€establishment€given€to,€say,€physiology.€€Furthermore,€they€know€that€many€members€of€theÏpublic€are€more€worried€about€Ô_ÔbehaviouralÔ_Ô€experiments€than€they€are€about€surgery€on€anaesthetizedÏanimals.€€In€justifying€the€demand€that€current€research€be€stopped,€the€pamphlet€suggests€thatÏÔ_ÔbehaviouralÔ_Ô€work€is€scientifically€trivial,€of€no€medical€important,€or€better€done€on€humans.€€TheseÏarguments€are€backed€by€the€device€of€selectivity€quoting€from€original€papers€in€such€a€way€as€toÏmake€the€studies€seem€cruel€and€pointless.ÌÌMy€colleagues€and€I€have€an€obvious€interest€in€protecting€our€own€subject.€€Our€professional€society,Ïthe€Association€for€the€Study€of€Animal€Ô_ÔBehaviourÔ_Ô,€will€soon€issue€a€pamphlet€that€makes€the€case€forÏthe€scientific€study€of€animal€behavior.€€Briefly,€we€argue€that€studies€of€animal€behavior,€far€from€beingÏstopped,€should€be€allowed€to€flourish€in€the€interests€of€both€human€and,€indeed,€animal€welfare.€ÏMedicine€has€directly€benefitted€from€an€understanding€of€the€social€conditions€necessary€for€the€normalÏdevelopment€of€Ô_ÔbehaviourÔ_Ô€in€animals.€€For€instance,€losing€a€mother€early€in€life€can€lead€to€long„lastingÐ o-¿() ÐÑ P¸Ñâ  âÑ  Ñâ  âÑ  Ñmental€and€physical€disorders€in€humans.€€Thanks€to€the€work€on€animals,€the€developmental€processesÏthat€depend€on€interactions€with€the€mother€are€being€uncovered.€€Effective€forms€of€therapy€forÏhumans€have€been€found€and€brought€into€practice.ÌÌKnowledge€of€the€natural€Ô_ÔbehaviourÔ_Ô€of€animals€and€the€way€they€respond€to€stress€is€improvingÏhusbandry€for€animals€kept€in€zoos,€farms€and€laboratories.€€Veterinarians€draw€on€Ô_ÔbehaviouralÔ_ÔÏexpertise€when€assessing€the€health€of€an€animal€or€when€designing€housing.€€An€animal's€Ô_ÔbehaviourÔ_Ô€isÏone€of€the€best€guides€to€its€state€of€well„being.€€Training€veterinary€surgeons€to€detect€abnormalities€ofÏÔ_ÔbehaviourÔ_Ô€can€provide€them€with€quick,€non„invasive€methods€for€assessing€distress€and€is€increasinglyÏÔ_ÔrecognisedÔ_Ô€within€the€veterinary€profession€as€an€important€contribution€to€animal€welfare.€€We€shouldÏnot€forget€that€the€studies€of€animal€behavior€made€famous€through€television€Ô_ÔprogrammesÔ_Ô€give€pleasureÏand€understanding€to€millions€of€people.€€At€a€practical€level,€this€knowledge€of€the€relationship€betweenÏthe€behavior€of€animals€and€their€natural€environment€helps€us€to€conserve€wildlife.€€Finally,€solving€howÏand€why€animals€behave€as€they€do€raises€some€of€the€most€challenging€and€exciting€problems€inÏscience.ÌÌSometimes€people€object€to€scientific€studies€on€the€grounds€that€research€simply€tells€everybody€whatÏthey€knew€already.€€Studies€of€behavior€are€particularly€likely€to€evoke€this€reaction€because€peopleÏhave€insight€into€their€own€actions€and€the€behavior€of€pets.€€Yet€the€feeling€that€a€discovery€is€obviousÏafter€it€has€been€made€is€not€the€same€as€knowing€all€along€that€it€is€true.€€Most€people€readily€fit€oldÏobservations€into€a€new€explanation€without€realizing€that,€if€they€had€been€asked€to€make€sense€ofÏthose€observations€before€given€the€explanation,€they€would€have€got€the€answer€wrong.€€€For€instance,Ïmany€people€believe€on€the€basis€of€introspection€that€aggressive€impulses€accumulate€until€they€can€noÏlonger€be€contained€and€then€manifest€themselves€as€uncontrollable€rage.€€This€notion€led€to€the€seriousÏproposal€that€human€aggression€be€controlled€by€providing€opportunities€for€relatively€harmless€outletsÏfor€aggression.€€Yet€the€scientific€study€of€animals€and€humans€has€shown€that€behaving€aggressivelyÏmay€make€that€Ô_ÔbehaviourÔ_Ô€òòmoreóó€rather€than€less€likely€on€a€future€occasion.Ð d ÐÌMany€biologists€interested€in€behavior€„„ethologist„„€study€animals€living€freely.€€Much€has€been€and€willÏbe€learnt€from€such€research.€€€However,€we€can€also€discover€a€great€deal€by€studying€captive€animals.€ÏKonrad€Lorenz,€one€of€the€winners€of€the€Nobel€Price€for€Medicine€in€1973,€obtained€striking€insightsÏwhen€his€hand„reared€animals€behaved€ð ðnaturallyðð€in€the€artificial€environment€of€his€home€and€garden.€ÏHis€knowledge€of€ð ðimprinting",€in€which€he€established€a€social€relationship€with€young€birds,€came€inÏthis€way.€€Furthermore,€a€point€is€reached€in€most€field€studies€when€further€understanding€can€beÏachieved€only€by€keeping€the€animals€under€controlled€conditions€ð!ð€which€usually€means€keeping€themÏin€a€laboratory.ÌÌConditions€in€the€laboratory€must€be€reasonably€good,€if€only€because€sick,€frightened€or€maltreatedÏanimals€simply€will€not€do€most€of€the€things€in€which€ethologists€are€interested,€such€as€court€eachÏother,€play,€explore€and€solve€difficult€problems.€€Furthermore,€most€ethologists€began€their€careersÏbecause€they€have€an€affection€for€animals,€and€much€of€their€effectiveness€as€scientists€derives€from€thisÏconcern.ÌÐ ´-)* ÐThe€anti„vivisectionist€organizations€that€seek€to€ban€experiments€of€animal€behavior€appear€to€haveÏbeen€misinformed.€€Furthermore,€head€on€confrontations€is€likely€to€exclude€possibilities€for€reconcilingÏconflicts€of€interest.€€A€much€better€way€forward€can€be€found.€€Those€of€us€who€study€animal€behaviorÏdo€not€deny€that€some€experiments€ought€not€to€have€been€done.€€Some€scientists€who€repeatedly€useÏanimals€in€their€research€may€become€less€sensitive€and€overstep€proper€bounds.€€In€order€to€deal€withÏthis€problem,€the€Association€for€the€Study€of€Animal€Ô_ÔBehaviourÔ_Ô€established€an€ethical€committee€inÏ1979.ÌÌThe€ethical€committee€publishes€guidelines€on€the€use€of€animals€in€research€and€helps€all€thoseÏresearchers€who€approach€it€to€design€non„stressful€experiments.€€The€committee€also€monitors€articlesÏsubmitted€to€the€associationððs€journal€òòAnimal€Ô_ÔBehaviourÔ_Ôóó.€€Articles€are€rejected€when€the€ethicalÐ tÄ  Ðcommittee€judges€them€to€be€unacceptable.€€Examples€have€been€articles€on€staged€attacks€andÏmutilation€of€young€rodents€by€adults€in€research€designed€to€Ô_ÔanalyseÔ_Ô€the€influences€on€infanticide.€€ThisÏform€of€control€is€important€because€publication€in€a€leading€journal€is€the€major€way€in€which€a€scientistÏestablishes€a€reputation€and€obtains€funds€for€further€research.€€The€benefits€of€rejecting€unethical€inÏarticles€extend€outside€Britain.€€òòAnimal€Ô_ÔBehaviourÔ_Ôóó€is€the€major€international€journal€on€the€subject,€andÐ V¦ Ðin€many€ways€the€standards€of€animal€care€are€much€higher€in€this€country€than€in€most€others.ÌÌSix€years€ago€the€Association€for€the€Study€of€Animal€Ô_ÔBehaviourÔ_Ô€organized€a€meeting€to€which€it€invitedÏanti„vivisectionist€organizations€(òòNew€Scientistóó,€27€March€1980,€p€1002).€€At€that€meeting€I€suggestedÐ >Ž Ða€way€in€which€we€might€resolve€conflicts€of€interested.€€The€idea€was€based€on€the€way€most€peopleÏunconsciously€take€many€different€things€into€account€when€making€everyday€decisions.€€Suppose€forÏinstance,€that€you€want€to€buy€a€new€pair€of€shoes.€€You€will€want€good€quality€and€you€will€also€wishÏto€pay€as€little€as€possible.€You€will€probably€set€an€upper€€limit€on€how€much€you€will€pay€and€a€lowerÏlimit€on€the€quality,€but€the€limit€for€one€will€depend€on€the€other.€€If€you€are€forced€to€pay€more,€youÏwill€expect€higher€quality.€€I€believe€that€a€similar€approach€could€be€used€to€decide€whether€or€notÏresearch€on€animals€should€be€carried€out.€€The€essential€point€was€that€a€much€lower€amount€ofÏsuffering€would€be€tolerated€if€the€work€were€not€regarded€as€being€important€(Figure1).€€The€analogyÏwith€buying€shoes€was€not€quite€exact,€however,€because€I€did€believe€that€the€quality€of€scientificÏresearch€on€animals€is€related€in€any€way€to€the€amount€of€suffering€that€is€involved.€€Since€I€firstÏproposed€this€attempt€at€a€resolution,€colleagues€have€raised€a€number€of€queries.€€It€is€worthÏconsidering€the€most€important€ones€in€some€detail.ÌÌòòðð€€Who€determines€the€quality€of€the€science?óóÐ ê$: ! ÐA€well„organized€structure€of€committees€assess€whether€public€funds€should€support€a€scientificÏproject.€€These€committees€are€largely€run€by€the€government„funded€research€councils,€but€manyÏcharitable€grant„giving€bodies€operate€in€similar€fashion.€€Admittedly,€the€judgments€made€by€theseÏcommittees€depend€on€decisions€made€by€other€scientists.€€The€procedure€invites€the€suspicion€that,€ifÏscientists€are€left€to€run€their€own€affairs,€they€will€ignore€public€concern.€€The€system€of€allocating€Ô_ÔgransÔ_ÔÏmay€seem€cosy€to€the€outsider,€but€the€processes€of€assessment€are€extremely€rigorous€and€searching.€ÏIn€my€experience,€the€members€of€the€committees€that€rank€grant€proposals€are€impressively€objectiveÏâ âwhen€making€decisions.€€Furthermore,€the€degree€of€consensus€about€what€constitutes€good€science€isÐ º, () ÐÔ_Ôremarkably€high.€€That,€of€course,€is€a€view€from€within.€€A€great€deal€of€public€concern€would€beÏallayed€if€a€non„scientist€with€an€interest€in€animal€welfare€could€witness€the€decision€making€process.Ìâ âÌÔ  Ôòòðð€€How€do€we€measure€suffering?óóÐ žî ÐThis€question€is€more€likely€to€be€asked€by€members€of€the€scientific€community€than€by€many€anti„¼vivisectionists€who€seem€to€think€that€the€answer€is€obvious.€€Many€people€feel€that€òòallóó€animals€are€likeÐ ’ â Ðthemselves.€€Just€as€discrimination€between€human€races€and€sexes€has€been€properly€attacked€onÏmoral€grounds,€exploitation€of€other€species€is€felt€to€be€equally€wrong.€€The€argument€is€strengthenedÏby€the€scientific€theory€of€evolution€which€links€the€origins€of€humans€to€those€of€other€species.ÌÌYet€it€can€be€difficult€to€put€oneself€inside€the€mind€of€an€animal.€€Some€animals,€when€threatened€byÏextreme€danger,€remain€rigid€and€silent€because€that€is€the€safest€thing€to€do.€They€do€not€look€asÏthough€they€are€in€a€state€of€stress,€because€alarmed€humans€would€not€normally€behave€like€this.€ÏSome€species€can€experience€subtle€odours,€high„pitched€sounds,€infrared€light,€ultraviolet€light€orÏmagnetic€fields€which€we€cannot€detect.€€Few€people€have€much€fellow€feeling€for€fish€even€thoughÏmany€fish€are€long„lived,€have€complex€nervous€systems€and€are€capable€of€learning€complicated€tasks.ÌÌWith€knowledge€of€how€animals€behave,€there€are€often€grounds€for€broadening€rather€than€narrowingÏthe€range€of€animals€that€are€believed€to€suffer.€€Awareness€of€an€animal's€natural€behaviour€can€alsoÏprovide€great€insight€into€what€is€and€what€is€not€likely€to€be€stressful.€€For€example,€isolation€fromÏother€members€of€its€own€kind€is€obviously€traumatic€for€an€individual€belonging€to€a€gregarious€species,Ïsuch€as€many€monkeys.€€However,€members€of€species€that€are€habit‚ually€solitary,€such€as€birds€ofÏprey,€many€prefer€to€be€isolated€from€their€fellows.ÌÌAll€this€indicates€that€the€assessment€of€suffering€is€not€straightforward,€but€can€be€greatly€assisted€byÏexpert€knowl‚edge.€€Such€knowledge€would€dry€up€if€the€extreme€anti‚„vivisectionists€had€their€way€andÏall€studies€of€animal€beha‚viour€were€stopped.€€In€general,€I€believe€that€we€can€reach€a€reasonableÏconsensus€on€what€would€constitute€low,€inter‚mediate€and€high€levels€of€suffering€in€a€particular€animal.€ÏHowever,€we€will€need€to€update€the€guidelines€by€which€judgments€are€made€at€regular€intervals.ÌÌòòðð€€Who€determines€what€shall€be€allowed?óóÐ ü!L ÐThe€decisions€ought€to€be€made€by€a€group€that€has€representatives€of€both€scientific€and€animal„¼welfare€organizations.€€A€body€that€could€do€the€job€is€proposed€by€the€òòAnimals€(ScientificÐ ð#@  ÐProcedures)óó€Bill,€now€before€parliament.€€The€suggestion€is€that€the€committee€should€consist€of€at€leastÐ ê$: ! Ð12€people€and€at€half€of€them€should€not€have€held€a€Home€Office€licence€to€do€scientific€research€onÏanimals€in€the€previous€six€years.€€At€least€two„thirds€of€the€committee€should€have€had€either€fullÏregistration€as€a€medical€practitioner€or€veterinary€surgeon€or€have€had€experience€in€biological€subject.€ÏAt€least€one€should€be€a€lawyer.€€If€a€reasonable€measure€of€trust€could€be€established€within€suchaÏcommittee,€useful€guidelines€for€decision„making€could€be€formulated.Ìâ âÐ Æ*&' ÐÔ  Ôâ âòòðð€€How€can€any€animal€suffering€be€justified€merely€in€theóó€òòname€of€good€science?óóÐ ° ÐIf€we€substitute€the€words€"medical€benefit"€for€"good€scienceðð,€€the€answer€will€seem€clear€to€mostÏpeople.€€Great€human€suffering€is€felt€to€be€worse€than€the€possibility€of€mild€discomfort€inflicted€on€anÏanimal€in€the€course€of€research.€€The€problem€is,€however,€that€it€is€difficult€to€predict€the€likely€benefitsÏof€biological€science€for€the€welfare€of€humans€and€animals.€€The€best€bet€is€to€back€science€that€isÏlikely€to€lead€to€the€discovery€of€fundamental€and€unifying€principles.€€€The€Medical€research€CouncilÏhas€wisely€accepted€that€the€funding€of€high„quality€biological€research€is€one€of€the€ways€ofÏcontributing€to€the€medicine€of€the€future.€€Nonetheless,€the€delivery€of€real€benefits€to€humans€orÏanimals€is€uncertain.€€Many€people€would€be€deeply€unhappy€about€the€thought€of€animals€sufferingÏwhen€the€possible€medical€or€veterinary€value€of€the€experiments€was€uncertain.€€We€can€overcome€thisÏdifficulty€if€we€include€the€probability€of€generating€medically€important€results€in€the€decision€rulesÏabout€whether€research€should€be€permitted€(Figure2).€€In€the€decision€cube,€the€opaque€part€indicatesÏwhat€should€not€be€permitted€and€the€clear€part€what€should€be€allowed.ÌÌOne€advantage€of€a€set€of€rules,€such€as€those€suggested€in€Figure2,€is€the€acknowledgment€that,€inÏdeciding€whether€a€civilised€society€should€tolerate€a€particular€activity€more€than€one€thing€matters.€ÏBoth€the€extreme€anti„vivisectionists€and€my€more€zealous€scientific€colleagues€tend€to€suppose€that€theÏvalues€they€hold€dear€are€the€only€ones€that€could€possibly€be€important.€€Even€when€people€holdingÏsuch€different€moral€positions€are€so€inflexible€and€seem€set€for€to€the€finish,€it€is€possible€to€deviseÏpractical€ways€of€resolving€the€conflict.ÌÌWhatever€parliamentary€debate€does€to€the€details€of€the€new€legislative,€many€scientists€working€onÏanimals€are€bound€to€experience€further€restriction€on€their€professional€activities.€€The€restrictions€willÏbe€much€greater€than€are€deserved€if€the€public€are€not€adequately€informed€about€the€real€benefits€thatÏflow€from€biology€and€also€about€the€genuine€concern€for€animal€welfare€felt€by€most€people€who€areÏengaged€in€the€research.€€Many€scientists€are€deeply€upset€by€the€selective€quotations€from€their€workÏand€the€unfairness€of€the€criticisms€levelled€against€them.€€For€the€most€part,€however,€they€have€lainÏlow€because€they€were€frightened€by€the€violence€of€some€of€their€opponents.€€They€did€not€want€theirÏlaboratories€wrecked,€their€homes€attacked€and€children€abused€(all€of€which€have€happened€to€someÏof€my€colleagues).ÌÌNonetheless,€I€believe€that€the€long„term€damage€generated€by€misinformation€and€widespread€publicÏmistrust€is€likelv€to€be€much€greater€if€scientists€do€not€join€in€the€debate.€€Members€of€the€public€will€beÏreassured€when€they€discovery€that€the€seemingly€pointless€work€done€by€the€scientist€is€indeedÏworthwhile.€€Furthermore,€a€big€step€forward€will€be€taken€if€the€currently€opposed€organisations€workÏtogether€to€achieve€a€set€of€controls€that€take€into€account€both€the€€interest€of€what€is€best€in€scienceÏand€those€of€the€animals€used€in€research.ÌÌProfessor€Patrick€Bateson€FRS€is€Secretary€of€the€Ethical€Committee€of€the€Association€for€the€StudyÏof€Animal€Behaviour€and€a€fellow,€of€King's€College,€Cambridge.Ì